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}} | event_start = Unification | year_start = 10th century | event1 = Battle of Hastings | date_event1 = 14 October 1066 | event2 = Conquered Wales | date_event2 = 1277-1283 | event3 = Incorporated Wales | date_event3 = 1535–1542 | event4 = Union of the Crowns | date_event4 = 24 March 1603 | event5 = Glorious Revolution | date_event5 = 11 December 1688 | event_end = Union with Scotland | date_end = 1 May | year_end = 1707 | p1 = Wessex | flag_p1 = Wyvern of Wessex.svg | border_p1 = no | p2 = Kingdom of SussexSussex | p3 = Kingdom of EssexEssex | p4 = Kingdom of KentKent | p5 = DumnoniaDumnonia | p6 = MerciaMercia | p7 = Kingdom of East AngliaEast Anglia | p8 = Northumbria | p9 = Welsh Marches | p10 = Principality of Wales | image_p10 = | s1 = Kingdom of Great Britain | flag_s1 = Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg | capital = Winchester London ∟ Westminster ∟ City of London | common_languages = English〔Old English (until 1066) Middle English (1066–1550) Modern English (1550–1707)〕 Old Norse Welsh〔Old Welsh Middle Welsh (12th–14th century) Modern Welsh (14th century–1707)〕 Cornish〔Old Cornish Middle Cornish (12th–16th century) Late Cornish (16th century–1707)〕 Cumbric Anglo‑Norman Medieval Latin〔Widely used for administrative and liturgical purposes.〕 | religion = Christianity | government_type = Unitary parliamentary monarchy | title_leader = Monarch | leader1 = Æthelstan | year_leader1 = Until 939 | leader2 = Anne | year_leader2 = 1702–1707 | title_deputy = | deputy1 = | year_deputy1 = | legislature = Parliament | house1 = House of Lords | house2 = House of Commons | currency = Pound sterling | stat_year5 = 1707 | stat_pop5 = 5750000 | stat_area5 = 151000 | stat_year4 = 1542–1707 est. | stat_area4 = 151000 | stat_year3 = 1542 | stat_pop3 = 3000000 | stat_area3 = 145000 | stat_year2 = 1283 | stat_pop2 = 500000 | stat_area2 = 145000 | stat_year1 = 1283–1542 est. | stat_area1 = 145000 | today = | footnotes = | width = 265px | footnote_a = Monarch of Wessex from 925. | footnote_b = Continued as monarch of Great Britain until her death in 1714. }} The Kingdom of England was a state on the island of Great Britain from the 10th century (when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms) until 1707 (when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain). In the early 11th century the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, united by Æthelstan (r. 927–939), became part of the North Sea Empire of Cnut the Great, a personal union between England, Denmark and Norway. The Norman conquest of England in 1066 led to the transfer of the English capital and chief royal residence from the Anglo-Saxon one at Winchester to Westminster and the City of London quickly established itself as England's largest town and principal commercial centre.〔(''London, 800-1216: The Shaping of a City'' ), "''...rivalry between City and government, between a commercial capital in the City and the political capital of quite a different empire in Westminster.''", accessed November 2013.〕 Histories of the kingdom of England from the Norman conquest of 1066 conventionally distinguish periods named after successive ruling dynasties: Norman 1066–1154, Plantagenet 1154–1485, Tudor 1485–1603 and Stuart 1603–1714 (interrupted by the Interregnum of 1649–1660). Dynastically, all English monarchs after 1066 ultimately claim descent from the Normans; the distinction of the Plantagenets is merely conventional, beginning with Henry II (reigned 1154-1189) as from that time, the Angevin kings became "more English in nature"; the houses of Lancaster and York are both Plantagenet cadet branches, the Tudor dynasty claimed descent from Edward III via John Beaufort and James VI and I of the House of Stuart claimed descent from Henry VII via Margaret Tudor. The completion of the conquest of Wales by Edward I in 1284 put Wales under the control of the English crown. Edward III (reigned 1327–1377) transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe; his reign also saw vital developments in legislation and government—in particular the evolution of the English parliament. From the 1340s the kings of England also laid claim to the crown of France, but after the Hundred Years' War and the outbreak of the Wars of the Roses in 1455, the English were no longer in any position to pursue their French claims and lost all their land on the continent, except for Calais. After the turmoils of the Wars of the Roses, the Tudor dynasty ruled during the English Renaissance and again extended English monarchical power beyond England proper, achieving the full union of England and the Principality of Wales in 1542. Henry VIII oversaw the English Reformation, and his daughter Elizabeth I (reigned 1558–1603) the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, meanwhile establishing England as a great power and laying the foundations of the British Empire by claiming possessions in the New World. From the accession of James I in 1603, the Stuart dynasty ruled England in personal union with Scotland and Ireland. Under the Stuarts, the kingdom plunged into civil war, which culminated in the execution of Charles I in 1649. The monarchy returned in 1660, but the Civil War established the precedent that an English monarch cannot govern without the consent of Parliament, although this concept became legally established only as part of the Glorious Revolution of 1688. From this time the kingdom of England, as well as its successor state the United Kingdom, functioned in effect as a constitutional monarchy.〔The Constitution of the United Kingdom, with the reservation that it is "uncodified", is taken to be based in the Bill of Rights 1689.〕 On 1 May 1707, under the terms of the Acts of Union 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland united to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.〔(Acts of Union 1707 ) parliament.uk, accessed 27 January 2011〕〔(Making the Act of Union 1707 ) scottish.parliament.uk, accessed 27 January 2011 〕 ==Name== (詳細はAngles. They called their land ''Engla land'', meaning "land of the English", by Æthelweard Latinized ''Anglia'', from an original ''Anglia vetus'', the purported homeland of the Angles (called ''Angulus'' by Bede).〔Stephen Harris, ''Race and Ethnicity in Anglo-Saxon Literature'', Studies in Medieval History and Culture, Routledge, 2004, 139f.〕 The name ''Engla land'' became ''England'' by haplology during Middle English period (''Engle-land'', ''Engelond'').〔A. L. Mayhew and Walter W. Skeat, '' A Concise Dictionary of Middle English From A.D. 1150 To 1580'' (1888)〕 The Latin name was ''Anglia'' or ''Anglorum terra'', the Old French and Anglo-Norman one ''Angleterre''.〔« Anglia » (par L. Favre, 1883–1887), dans du Cange, et al., ''Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis'', éd. augm., Niort : L. Favre, 1883‑1887, t. 1, col. 251c. http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/ANGLIA 〕 By the 14th century, ''England'' was also used in reference to the entire island of Great Britain. The standard title for all monarchs from Æthelstan until the time of King John was ''ラテン語:Rex Anglorum'' ("King of the English"). Canute the Great, a Dane, was the first king to call himself "King of England". In the Norman period ''ラテン語:Rex Anglorum'' remained standard, with occasional use of ''ラテン語:Rex Anglie'' ("King of England"). The Empress Matilda styled herself ''ラテン語:Domina Anglorum'' ("Lady of the English"). From the time of King John onwards all other titles were eschewed in favour of ''ラテン語:Rex'' or ''ラテン語:Regina Anglie''. In 1604 James I, who had inherited the English throne the previous year, adopted the title (now usually rendered in English rather than Latin) ''King of Great Britain''. The English and Scottish parliaments, however, did not recognise this title until the Acts of Union of 1707. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kingdom of England」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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